Out Foxed By Fox essays

Out Foxed By Fox essays Three-fourths of the worlds population gets its news in print, on television, or by radio from News Corp. Ltd., according to Outfoxed, the latest film that spotlights corrupt conservatives with corporate power. Like Fahrenheit 911,this film gives viewers another glimpse at the well-oiled Bush administration machine, with friends and family conveniently employed within the news industry. While journalism and news reporting have been industries where facts and balanced, unbiased representation were expected, footage of the Fox station and sister stations shows the standards being abandoned. Anchors give opinions, and make fun of their guests. Bill OReilly tells his guests to shut up, and counts down to the re-election day of George W. Bush. In the latest documentary encouraging public awareness, Outfoxed director Robert Greenwald takes us behind the scenes to show that the "news" we are getting is often right-wing propaganda. "Fair and balanced news" may be the Fox tag line but disguised ex-employee interviews and excerpts from station broadcasts say something else. Brain-washing. Done in such a way it goes unnoticed by the average consumer. Digitally distorted voices of former Fox reporters describe White House aides calling news and radio stations with daily agendas. Then politically charged memos tell journalists what they are to report. According to the film, many of the reports are full of false information. Ive never heard of any other network nor any other legitimate news organization doing that, newspaper or broadcast, said Walter Cronkite. They also like to call names. As a two minute montage of Fox news anchors calling John Kerry a flip-flopper are played, it is easy to see the effectiveness of the Fox techniques. You wonder how a channel can get away with it, and how it started. Outfoxed tells us how. ...

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Are the Toolbox Killers

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Are the Toolbox Killers In late October 1979, California authorities were busy hunting down and capturing The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono. In the meantime, two more barbaric killers had teamed up to fulfill a prison time fantasy - to kidnap, rape, torture and kill a girl for each teenage year. For two months, the duo hunted roads and beaches, looking for victims who  matched their demented fantasy. They almost met their goal, killing five young girls, ages ranging between 13 to 18. This is their story. Bittaker and Norris Meet In 1978, Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker, age 38, and Roy L. Norris, age 30, met while in the California State Prison at San Luis Obispo. Norris was labeled as a mentally disordered sex offender and previously spent four years at a state mental institution. Once released, he raped again and returned to prison. Bittaker spent most of his adult life behind bars for various offenses. As their friendship grew, so did their fantasies of raping and murdering teenage girls. The Murder Mack After their release from prison, they paired up, transformed Bittakers 1977 GMC van into what they nicknamed, Murder Mack, and began their kidnap, torture and killing spree of young girls. As is characteristic of psychopaths, the pain inflicted on their victims grew more vicious with each new captive. Cindy Schaeffer On June 24, 1979, in Redondo Beach, Cindy Schaeffer, age 16, was walking to her grandmother’s house after attending a church program. Bittaker and Norris pulled up next to her in the Murder Mack and tried to entice her to go for a ride. Her attempts to ignore the two failed. She was forced into the van and taken to a pre-selected spot in the mountains. There she was tortured and denied her requests to pray before the two beat and strangled her to death with wire coat hangers. Andrea Hall On July 8, 1979, the duo went hunting for their second victim and found 18-year-old Andrea Hall hitchhiking on the Pacific Coast Highway. With Bittaker hiding in the back, Norris stopped and offered Hall a ride. Within minutes after she entered the van, Bittaker attacked, raped and took pictures of her bound and in fear. As if playing a game, Bittaker then asked why she should be allowed to live. Not liking her answer, he stabbed her in the ear with an ice pick and choked her to death. Jackie Gilliam and Jacqueline Lamp On Sept.  3, 1979, the murderous pair picked up their youngest victims from a bus stop at Hermosa Beach. Jackie Gilliam, 15, and Jacqueline Lamp, 13, were kidnapped and taken to the mountain location where they were raped and tortured for two days. As with Hall, both girls were stabbed in each ear with an ice pick, their small bodies viciously attacked with vice grips, then strangled to death with coat hangers tightened with pliers. Lynette Ledford The killers last known victim was killed on Oct. 31, 1979. Sixteen-year-old Lynette Ledford was kidnapped and her body mutilated. The young girl was stabbed numerous times, and with pliers, Bittaker ripped at her body. During her torture, her screams and pleas were tape-recorded as Bittaker repeatedly beat the young girls elbows with a sledgehammer, all the time demanding that she not stop screaming. In the end, the pair strangled her with a coat hanger. For fun the pair decided to leave Ledfords brutalized corpse on the lawn of a suburban home in Hermosa Beach, just to see the reaction of the media. The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono, had been caught just a few days before the discovery of Lynette Ledfords body, although authorities were not swayed into identifying her killer as Buono. Captured Norris was the murderous pairs downfall. He bragged to an old prison friend about his crime spree. The friend tipped off police, and the story sounded much like that of the victim, Shirley Sanders. On September 30, Shirley Sanders managed to escape from two men who used chemical mace on her, then raped her inside a van. Police interviewed her again, this time armed with pictures, and Sanders was able to identify the van and Norris and Bittaker as her attackers. Norris Points the Finger at Bittaker The two were arrested for unrelated crimes and held without bail for violating their probations. During an interrogation, Norris began admitting details about the pairs murderous activities, and he pointed the finger at Bittaker for being the one who killed their victims. 500 Photos - 19 Missing Girls Norris worked out a deal with authorities in exchange for his testimony against Bittaker, as well as showing police where they hid the bodies of their victims. Overall, police found over 500 photos of teenaged girls, 19 of which were listed as missing. But Norris clammed up and would only tell investigators what happened to five of the 19 missing girls. The Sentencing During Bittakers and Norris trial, the disturbing pictures of their crimes and the tape-recording of Lynette Ledfords final painful hours were shared with the jury. The impact was substantial. Bittaker was sentenced to death, and the judge included an extra 199-year life sentence just in case his death sentence was ever commuted to life. Norris was given 45 years to life for his cooperation in the investigation. In 2009, Norris was denied parole for an additional 10 years. Sources Couples Who Kill by Carol Anne Davis

Analysis of Country Road's financial performance Assignment

Analysis of Country Road's financial performance - Assignment Example The company net profitability declined in 2012 as compared to the 2009; whereas the gross profitability increased by a mere 0.7% in 2012 as compared to 2009. This signifies the growing inefficiencies and disabilities in the company to control costs and expenses. Step Three The profitability provided a better measure as compared to the profits. This is because the profitability analyses the profits with terms to the growing sales; and therefore, helps in measuring the efficiency of the company in controlling costs and expenses with the increasing sales. (Keiso 1999) Step Four a. Appended figure 3 shows the extended trend analysis on the expenses for the period 2009-2012. b. Depreciation and Amortization expenses have increased the most over the period. The expense has increased by 57% in 2012 as compared to the expense in 2009. The second most increased expense is the occupancy expense which increased by 38.4% over the same period. Step Five a. Appended figure 4 shows the vertical ana lysis performed on the identified items of the income statement. b. Cost of goods sold, employment expense, marketing expenses and other expenses as a percentage of sales have decreased over the period 2009-2012 whereas occupancy expense and depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of sales have increased over the same period. c. The company has been efficient in controlling certain costs and expenses with the increase in sales. The increase in depreciation and amortization is due to increase in total assets. Step Six Over the period, the sales have increased 22.1 percent showing improved performance by the company. However, the profit margins have declined because of the increasing expenses over the same period. The company has proved to be inefficient in controlling its administrative and selling expenses which have all increased compared to the base year 2009. The company has been holding too much inventory in its warehouses which has increased its management expense s. On the other hand, the company has been prudent in controlling its direct costs which has helped them improve their gross margins. Similarly, this could also happen due to the accumulated inventory which would be priced lower in the inflationary period. Step Seven a. Appended figure 5 shows the trend analysis on several balance sheet item totals from 2009-2012. b. This clearly explains the trend which signifies that the falling ROE is due to the increase in the equity by 26.2 % but with no cumulative effect on the net profits which have been declining during the same time. On the other hand, the assets have increased by 3.3% whereas the earnings before interest and tax have declined over the period; again the reason for the falling ROA. c. ROE measures the return to the equity holders- the owners of the company where as ROA measures the ability of the company in using its resources to make profits for the all stakeholders-owners as well as creditors. (Keiso 1999) d. ROA would be considered a better measure by the investors. It is because is measures the returns to all the stakeholders- the owners as well as lenders. Likewise, it also measures the ability of the company in the usage of the resources. It helps in evaluation the management of the company as well. (Keiso 1999) Step Eight a. Appended figure 6 shows the calculations and the ratios. b. The dividend payout ratio

What are the main uses of ultrasound in (i) an imaging department, and Essay - 1

What are the main uses of ultrasound in (i) an imaging department, and (ii) a vascular department If possible, relate your answer to observations of actual departments or centres - Essay Example Because of the clarity of the images, especially the 3 dimension and 4 dimension types, it is now possible to view the development of the foetus in the womb and the nature of a timorous growth in the breast among others. Vascular ultrasound is used to view pictures of the body’s blood vessels. The vessels are made up mainly of veins and arteries, which are differentiated by the direction in which they carry blood flow in relation to the heart. Veins carry blood into the heart while arteries carry it away from the heart. Vascular sonographies are therefore important in helping doctors to view the flow of the blood and any blockages or constrictions in the vessels carrying it. In this way, causes of problems such as strokes or coronary malfunctions can be easily identified1. A variety of this ultrasound technique is the Doppler technique, which is used specifically to measure the rate of blood flow in the vessels. It is obviously a very important intervention in case of hypertension. The Doppler technique helps in imaging the rate and direction of the flow of blood. It contrasts the blood from the vein by for instance showing the veins as blue in color while the blood is red. The colorful image s shown are not only picturesque and breathtaking but also give a very accurate display of the flow. Problems such as blockages or interruptions can also be easily noticed2. The type of sonography known as imaging is a noninvasive test method that enables medical practitioners to examine internal organs of the body without necessarily cutting the patient open. It specifically concentrates on a particular organ for a definite purpose. This imaging falls into three main categories. The first is the A-mode in which a single sound wave is used to scan a strait line in the body giving its image in terms of depth. This applies to the scanning of a tumor for instance. The B-mode involves a

Rango Essay Example for Free

Rango Essay It’s not always easy to relate the story of a talking lizard to the history of the world. Or at least, that’s they want the watchers to think. The truth is that there are many different themes that tie into the world’s past. Rango (the talking lizard) can represent some of the world’s most influential leaders; the mayor, who is a talking turtle, corresponds to the corrupted government of countries. In a way, many of the themes in this movie relate to one another. Human identity, religion, government, hero worship, and human adaptation, is only the beginning of what this film uncovers about the world, and the human species itself. The biggest and most occurring questions asked in Rango are the ones that follow; who am I, or who are you? Throughout the whole movie, Rango tried to figure out who he is. The movie opens up with Rango acting out a scene, but then stops and realizes that his play is missing something; his character needs to be more defined and is in need of conflict. After falling off the car, and having his home shattered, he finds conflict, but still has no clue of who he really is. Talking to the armadillo, he comes across the fact that because no one knows him, he can be anyone he wants to be. In the duration of the movie, Rango evaluates who he is, and who he can be. In this way, I can relate Rango to Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, the famous philosopher. One main point of Nietzsche’s writings’ was the will to power. Originally Schopenhauer’s created the idea of utilitarianism, which is the notion of an aimless will, claiming that many human’s main motivation is simply to be happy. Nietzsche rejected that idea when he stated that happiness is not the main goal, but a result of successfully fulfilling one’s main goals, and overcoming challenging obstacles-in the long term, fulfillment of the will. Rango’s character is too raw and undeveloped in the beginning, when he gets to the town of Dirt and creates this strong, law abiding, Sheriff persona, he comes to believe that this is who he actually is. When Rattlesnake Jake, proves that Rango is a liar and forces Rango to leave town, the armadillo and him have another encounter. In that encounter, the armadillo points out that it is the deeds that make the man. After hearing this, Rango returns to Dirt, fully aware of whom he is. Another way humans define themselves, is through religion. Though religion is a touchy subject for some people, it is expressed and shown numerous times throughout the movie. The first time Rango meets Roadkill (the armadillo), is when Rango must help the armadillo up because he got smashed by a car. When Rango, questions the reason for Roadkill’s suicide mission, the old armadillo answers that it is because the Spirit of the West is waiting for him on the other side. That is not the last time the Spirit of the West is mentioned. The acting deity is referred to at the ritual for water that happens every Wednesday and noon. Right before, completing the ritual, the villagers send a prayer to the Spirit of the West, ending in ‘amen’. The villagers of Dirt go into a sort of trance, when they hear that 12 O’clock bell chime. Each resident grabs a bottle and gets in the line. Once they reach the end of their ritual, they are all standing in front of a water spigot, praying for water to once again overwhelm the town. After saying a short prayer to the Spirit of the West, the mayor holds up the valve handle, in the shape of a cross inside a circle. The mayor holds up the handle, much like a priest would hold up the consecrated host, signaling the ritualistic and religious behavior of old and current civilization. The mayor plays a very important role in the film as well as the analogy. The mayor represents the corrupt government leaders of the world. In the film, the water of Dirt basically runs out. The people are barely scraping by without water, and desperately need their problem to be fixed. They mayor was there, in the town of Dirt, long before it became a barren wasteland, so he knows how much a true city can thrive. The once great leader became corrupted by the notion of power and influence he had over the towns people by controlling what they needed the most; water. The mayor wanted to have everything under his control, every piece of land, every piece of business and so on. The town, was one day thriving, living the great American life, and then the next, businesses were shutting down, land was drying up, and the drought was more serious than ever. While the mayor and his comrades laughed about getting all the water to themselves, the villagers lived in hardship. That situation reminds me of Jean-Claude Duvalier, president of Hati from 1971-86. Jean-Claude resumed the position of president after his predecessor and father, passed. The United States put a lot of pressure on Jean-Claude to restore the great land of Hati, from the dictatorial regime of his father. In the beginning, he was successful. He introduced reforms, replaced cabinet members, and released political prisoners. Though all was not as it seemed, and his reign did not differ much from his father’s. While his people were living in poverty, he continued to live a luxurious lifestyle with his wife. In fact, his wedding along cost $3 million US dollars. Many people wondered for ages, how all this was possible, and eventually, the truth came out. As it turns out, Jean-Claude had been in several drug trades as well as selling body parts of dead Haitians. After his dark secrets were revealed, he fled to France, and for the next two decades, served a self-imposed exile. This year, on the 16th of January, he was spotted in Hati. The following day, he was arrested for the possible charges of embezzlement, and corruption. Currently, Duvalier is expected to be held in trial before a judge in Port-au-Prince. Yet, the situation makes you think, that in the same way the townspeople looked to the mayor for guidance and resurrection, the Haitian inhabitants, looked to Duvalier for savior from the awful dictatorship before him. What the mayor and Duvalier both have in common, is the aspect of the hero, saving the land. The biggest thing I found Rango to have in common with the world is human adaptation. It was obvious in the beginning of the film, that Rango did not belong in Dirt. After figuring that out for himself, he took on the task of adapting to his surroundings. He studied the ways they walked, talked, and held themselves in their everyday life. The villagers very bluntly showed that they did not take well to strangers, and are against the idea of anyone being different. The residents showed that it is easier to survive, if you do not stand out. Rango derived from the town’s behavior that, he would be much more likely to survive, if he behaved like one of them. Our human ancestors ran into many of the same problems Rango did. They had to adapt to their environment, in order to survive. Rango had nothing when he began his journey, as did our ancestors. With nothing more than rock tools (spears, knives, etc. ) they trekked out of Africa and towards the middle east and then westward. Our beginning ancestors not only had to adapt to their environment, but they had to shift their eating habits, to whatever was available to them. Similar to the way the people of Dirt drank cactus juice because of the lack of water availability. There are no limitations when it comes to relating history to the things we see around us. After all, without history, there would not be a present. The film Rango takes themes you see in everyday world history and places them into terms and situations that any age group may understand. Mainly the characters in the film can represent various figure’s in real life; Human identity, religion, government, hero worship, and human adaptation in the past have all influence how the world is now.

Civilization Essay -- science

Civilization In his essay â€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents†, Sigmund Freud states his opinion that technological progress has failed to make humans happier. I strongly disagree to this opinion as I believe that today’s technological progress has made our lives more efficient and interesting, and thus more happy. Freud speaks in a time when the progress of technology had not started its rapid acceleration, and so the technology of his day did not have a large positive impact on the whole of society, compared to today’s world. Technology has changed many things in our lives, but has it made our lives any better? Technology does make people happier. Humans always want to upgrade their paraphernalia to new more efficient pieces of equipment. Researchers are always looking to improve the current technology, and come with modern efficient devices to improve our lives. Researching has been created because we want to evolve along the technological scale. Humans have been progressing for thousands of years and we still are. If society were to stop emerging with new inventions, we would be very unhappy in the long run. The leading edge of technology is what makes us happy. The microwave oven is a prime example of technology making us happy. If we were to abolish the microwave many people would be angry because it is a very handy cooking appliance. Items that are efficient make society happy. Technology is directly linked to happiness. Simple devices have been developed to make almost every aspect of our lives easier. Remote controls, electrical beds, gel based running shoes, palm pilots and cell phones are just a few examples of how the little things make our lives easier and more comfortable for us. Anybody that owns a new top of the line cellular phone is proud to have it because it makes simple things in their life easier, and thus taking away stress. A lot of these things we take for granted, but without them people would surely feel the loss as their lives would be a little more stressful to carry out, so today’s technological devices truly do make us happier, or keep us happy. There are hundreds of thousands of hobbies, sports and activities existing in the world today with the help of modern technology. There are hobbies for all ages and all tastes on the market. Imagine if we only had a few hobbies involving constructing things out of wood... .... Just because our technology is more advanced does not mean we can achieve a higher level of happiness. Our lifestyles are more efficient and thus a larger portion of the population is content. People have more time in day because many chores have been cut down in time. The reason we seem to have very little time in day is because we all partake in more activities that are being made possible by modern technology. Technology has a much greater impact on society now than in Freud’s time because it has been expanding more rapidly. My reasoning for this essay would be much harder to demonstrate if we were in the early 1900’s but I would still stick to my opinion. The fact that our opinions are stated in different times makes it harder to compare them. As John Mill would say â€Å"opinions should always be argued against†. Because Freud lived in a time when the then modern technology did not affect the mass of population in greatly positive ways, he has more reasoning to say that technology does not make people happier. But because I am referring to today’s world, I strong believe that modern technology makes us happier as it touches the lives of every person in many different ways.

Ebook Vs Paper Compare N Contrast Essay

Reading has become one of the important elements in our life. We have been exposed to the books and learn how to read since we were still children. Couples of books innovations have been created since the past couple years. It started out with paper books or what we can call it as ‘traditional books’ and as the wave of publishing changes, we have the ‘modern books’ or known as virtual books that we can just keep it in our pocket, portable and flexible. However, some prefer the traditional books because it gave them the excitement of reading a book and some are just not. They just prefer the modern one. There are several e-readers that we can obtain these days which includes kindle, nook and iPad. So, as a reader which one is worth to buy? E-books (the modern ones) or just a mere paper books (the traditional ones)? In terms of flexibility, e-books seems to have more advantages compared to paper books. This is because e-books are created eco-friendly and they do not involve any natural resources which includes trees. As we all know, the main resource of papers come from chunks of tree that are processed into paper pulp which then create the paper that we used these days. It would take about 24 trees in order to make a ton of uncoated non-recycle printing and office paper (Susan Kinsella). So, basically if we want to produce more papers, we need to cut more trees which may result to global warming since trees play important roles in providing oxygen to the human being, as well as the source of natural ventilation to the eco system. Besides that, e-books are also affordable and cheaper than paper books. Some of the e-books that are published in e-readers website, offered free e-books for certain authors and they are also offering affordable price for famous books. It is cheaper to create something virtual instead of investing money over papers, cover page and printing expenses (Books Avenue). By buying e-books, customers usually get half of the price from the printed version especially when the expenses over shipping, printing and other costs are cut off. In addition, by having e-books, we can format the fonts and styles according to our preferences. On paper books, their fonts and styles have been set and sometimes their fonts are too small to read especially by the ol der generation who mostly faced the problem of having bad eyesight. According to Prevent Blindness America, one of the main lead to bad eye  sights is age factors. So, by reading e-books on iPad for instance, older generations could read the book comfortably without any disturbance because they have bigger fonts and better styles. Thus, it is indeed that e-books are much more flexible than paper books. When travelling, it is more convenient to use e-book. Travelers do not have to worry about extra space or heavy luggage with e-book but paper book, it consume spaces and may give extra weight for the luggage. E-book users can put in storage thousands of books on a single device (McMaken, 2012). Besides, e-book or e-reader provides backlight to assist reader when reading in dark. Most e-books have light and adjustable screen brightness making it capable for reader to read it in any condition (Angela, 2013). Meanwhile, for paper books adequate source of light are needed in order to read it. Without light, reading the printed book may cause eye strain due to the intense use of eyes. Furthermore, by connecting the e-book to the internet, travelers can access vast collection of books online while paper book offers a limited reading material. E-book users do not have to go to libraries or bookstores as they can easily download books from all around the world right away. E-books are delivered almost immediately and faster than overnight shipping (Pastore, 2008). On contrary, to get paper books, it may take time as it needs several procedures such as ordering it online, waiting for the delivery. Conclusively, e-books is more practical for the travelers who like to read books. However, a book that is on a shelf would last longer than an e-book. Paper books do not need batteries to read whereas e-books need the batteries in order to function. Users need to charge the battery of the e-books first so that it can be use. From this aspect we can see that paper books do not require any computer chip to be function so it will immune to viruses , non- distracting from virtual advertisements and compatible with a wide variety of note taking systems like via highlighter and pen (Born , 2012).Besides, a paper book is not as fragile as e-book. Once you drop your e-books, it may get severely damaged than a paper book. Meanwhile, paper book is more durable and some readers love to read books traditionally because they get the feeling of reading and flipping through the pages of book itself. This has been proven by 2012 Pew Internet Research Centre Study  which states about 67 percent of Americans prefer read by physical books rather than e-books because they provide a better reading experience with touch, durability and emotional connections (Royal,2013).In addition, paper books are more readable for many years compare to e-books. This is because as time passes, the technology will ultimately change. Thus, users need to frequently update their books in e-books to avoid from losing their book collections. Also, paper books comes with beautiful packaging which are attractive to keep as collections but for e-books, sometimes there seem to be missing some parts of the images or painting on the cover or back of the books ( Macmanus ,2010). In a nutshell, in term of durability paper book is better than e-book. In conclusion, e-books are more flexible and travelers friendly but regrettably they do not last longer compare to paper books. Paper books can last longer from five to five thousand years or more but e-books, they depend on the models and technology at that time. On contrary, usually travelers seem to like bring their I-pad, Kindle, Notes and smartphones to read by e-books because they do not need space and weight with them. Besides, in term of flexibility e-books are better than paper books as they have provided readers with lights and easy to read anywhere and anytime. Therefore, which one is more worth to buy? It is on your choice.

Philosophies of Education Essay

There are many different educational philosophies that have developed over the years. Some of these philosophies are teacher-centered and some are student-centered, but they all have the same goal, and the goal is to provide students with the best education possible. The following is a list of educational philosophies and their basic ideas. 1. Perennialism- is a teacher centered philosophy that focuses on the values associated with reason. It considers knowledge as enduring, seeks everlasting truths, and views principles of existence as constant or unchanging. For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students’ growth in enduring disciplines. 2. Essentialism- is a teacher centered philosophy that believes there is a common set of skills and knowledge that educated people should have. It focuses on respect for authority, developing sound habits of the mind, and training in fundamentals. Essentialism is similar to perrenialism. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society. It should focus on facts-the objective reality out there–and â€Å"the basics†or â€Å" back to the basics,† training students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should not try to set or influence policies. Students should be taught hard work, respect for authority, and discipline. Consisting of discipline subject. Teachers are to help students keep their non-productive instincts in check, such as aggression or mindlessness. Early in the 20th century, essentialism was criticized as being too rigid to prepare students adequately for adult life. 3. Progressivism- is a student centered philosophy that believes that ideas should be tested by experimentation, and learning comes from finding answers from questions. This philosophy values the scientific method of teaching, allows individuals to have their own beliefs, and promotes the interaction of students as valuable to the learning process. (learning by doing things). Create independent thinking,self expression and activity in the learner. Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. It is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who make meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions. The scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students can study matter and events systematically and first hand. The emphasis is on process-how one comes to know. One of his tenets was that the school should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision making, planning of teachers with students, student-selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than authority. 4. Reconstructionism/Critical Theory- is another student centered philosophy that promotes world social progress, focuses on world events, controversial issues, and developing a vision for a new better world. This philosophy is associated with pragmatism and essentialism. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. Critical theorists, like social reconstructionists, believe that systems must be changed to overcome oppression and improve human conditions. Paulo Freire (1921-1997) was a Brazilian whose experiences living in poverty led him to champion education and literacy as the vehicle for social change. In his view, humans must learn to resist oppression and not become its victims, nor oppress others. To do so requires dialog and critical consciousness, the development of awareness to overcome domination and oppression. Rather than â€Å"teaching as banking,† in which the educator deposits information into students’ heads, Freire saw teaching and learning as a process of inquiry in which the child must invent and reinvent the world. For social reconstructionists and critical theorists, curriculum focuses on student experience and taking social action on real problems, such as violence, hunger, international terrorism, inflation, and inequality. Strategies for dealing with controversial issues (particularly in social studies and literature), inquiry, dialogue, and multiple perspectives are the focus. Community-based learning and bringing the world into the classroom are also strategies. 5. Eclecticism- is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. It can be inelegant, and eclectics are sometimes criticized for lack of consistency in their thinking, but it is common in many fields of study. For example, most psychologists accept parts of behaviorism, but do not attempt to use the theory to explain all aspects of human behavior. A statistician may use frequentist techniques on one occasion and Bayesian ones on another. An example of eclecticism in economics is John Dunning’s eclectic theory of international production. 6. Existentialism – Student centered. If you are existentialist, subject matter is a personal choice. They focus on the importance of the student than the subject matter or curriculum. Man’s freedom. Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. ‘ ‘ †¢ Jean Paul Sartre Existentialism as an Educational Philosophy Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Instead, individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is â€Å"true† or â€Å"false,† â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,† â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"ugly. † For the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. In the existentialist classroom, subject matter takes second place to helping the students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions. The teacher’s role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they may take in life and creating an environment in which they may freely choose their own preferred way. Since feeling is not divorced from reason in decision making, the existentialist demands the education of the whole person, not just the mind. Although many existentialist educators provide some curricular structure, existentialism, more than other educational philosophies, affords students great latitude in their choice of subject matter. In an existentialist curriculum, students are given a wide variety of options from which to choose. To the extent that the staff, rather than the students, influence the curriculum, the humanities are commonly given tremendous emphasis. They are explored as a means of providing students with vicarious experiences that will help unleash their own creativity and self-expression. For example, rather than emphasizing historical events, existentialists focus upon the actions of historical individuals, each of whom provides possible models for the students’ own behavior. In contrast to the humanities, math and the natural sciences may be de-emphasized, presumably because their subject matter would be considered â€Å"cold,† â€Å"dry,† â€Å"objective,† and therefore less fruitful to self-awareness. Moreover, vocational education is regarded more as a means of teaching students about themselves and their potential than of earning a livelihood. In teaching art, existentialism encourages individual creativity and imagination more than copying and imitating established models. Existentialist methods focus on the individual. Learning is self-paced, self directed, and includes a great deal of individual contact with the teacher, who relates to each student openly and honestly. Although elements of existentialism occasionally appear in public schools, this philosophy has found wider acceptance in private schools and ill alternative public schools founded in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 7. Naturalism- ‘’Back to Nature† slogan. Naturalism emphasizes ‘Matter and Physical world. Aim to unfold the child potential. We are born weak, we need strength; helpless, we need aid; foolish, we need reason. All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man’s estate, is the gift of education. ~Jean Jacques Rousseau Naturalism as a philosophy of education was developed in the 18th century. It is based on the assumption that nature represents the wholeness of reality. Nature, itself, is a total system that contains and explains all existence including human beings and human nature Education must conform to the natural processes of growth and mental development. This root principle, already touched upon, stems from a concern to understand the nature of the child and follows from naturalism’s conception of the pupil. It is the make up of the learner that determines the character of the learning process, not the designs of teachers of the learner or there simply will be no learning. Education should be pleasurable; for children have a good time when they are doing things which the present development of their physical and mental equipment makes them ready to do. This readiness for specific kinds of activity is evidenced by their interest. Consequently, interest in a subject and interest in ways of doing things are guides to parents and teachers, both as to subjects of study and methods of teaching for which children have a natural readiness at any given stage of development. Education should engage the spontaneous self-activity of the child. As already noted, the child educates himself in great measure, most of his knowledge is base on what he discovers in his own active relations with things and people. Especially is this the case with our perceptions, developed almost completely by our own unconscious efforts in early childhood but constituting the machinery for a high percentage of our adult experiences. Adults are foolish, therefore, if they do not use this native self-activity as an ally in their teaching. The way to do this, Spencer advised, is to tell the learner as little as possible and induce him to discover as much as possible. The teacher’s role is to remain in background. The natural development of child should be stimulated. Since, Nature is considered to be best educator, According to naturalists the teacher is the observer and facilitator of the child’s development rather than a giver of information, ideas, ideals and will power or a molder of character. 8. Realism – Teacher centered. Slogan,â€Å"Things rather than words†. And according to Realism the external world of objects is not imaginary. It really exists, â€Å"Our experience is not independent but determines reaction to the external objects. Experiences are influenced by the external world which has real existence. † (Dr. Pandey Ram Shakal. The teacher is more focus to the lesson rather to the child. ( That’s the reality). Subject: Math and Science. 9. Idealism- is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that, ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. The aim of education is to discover and develop each individual’s abilities and full moral excellence in order to better serve the society. Deals with â€Å"mind and self†. Developing child potential. Ex. If a child is good in reasoning encourage him/her to develop that. In idealism, no comparison only encouragement. 10. Pragmatism- â€Å"Pragmatism is a temper of mind, an attitude, it is also a theory of the nature of ideas and truth and finally it is a theory about reality. † William James â€Å". Pragmatism is essentially a humanistic philosophy, maintaining that man creates his own values in the course of activity that reality is still in the making and awaits its part of completion from the future, that to an uncertain able extent our truths are manmade products. Method of teaching: This school of philosophy favours project method and consider it active and dynamic. Through this method the child learns by his own activities and experiences. The teacher only guiding and suggesting wherever and whenever there is necessity for such help. They believe learning by doing. They oppose bookish knowledge and condemn those methods which promote knowledge which is not useful. Teacher: works as a friend and guide to the children. The teacher comes in close contact to the children to know their interest and understanding regarding the conditions of changing society. The teacher puts in front of the students problems which are interesting and students are expected to solve it. 11. Constructivism- is a student centered philosophy that emphasizes hands on learning and students actively participating in lessons. Constructivists believe that students should be able to discover lessons on their own through hands on activity because it is the most effect way of learning and is considered true learning. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as a â€Å"theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology and cybernetics†. In the constructivist perspective, knowledge is constructed by the individual through his interactions with his environment. Learning is an active process. Students are actively engaged and are responsible for their learning. 12. Humanism- is a student centered philosophy that focuses on enhancing ones innate goodness, rejects the idea of group-oriented education, and upholds the idea of enhancing individual development. This philosophy also believes that students should be actively involved with their education on all levels, and students should be able to make choices about what they will be learning. To live life to the fullest Humanism focused on creating people who would be ideal citizens in whatever domain their work lay and would be able to speak persuasively to encourage those around them to a moral life; thus, students pursuing humanist studies were instructed from historically important works of poetry, history, grammar and rhetoric. 13. Behaviorism – is a teacher centered philosophy that is closely related to realism. This philosophy focuses on human behavior as a reaction to external stimuli, and believes that changing the environment can change misbehavior. Educational behaviorists are more interested in managing behavior in an attempt to better educate students and maintain a classroom environment conducive to the learning of each individual student. Educational behaviorists have developed systems of rewards and punishments in order to achieve academic success. He found a very strong effect from rewards but also discovered that punishment was a less effective means for control of behavior (Pulliam & Patten ). Teachers began to rapidly accept these laws of learning, and found them to be highly useful devices for classroom instruction Watson made the following statement: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, to bring them up in any way I choose and I’ll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. Watson made it very clear that he believed that behavior could be altered, modified, and controlled by using forms of reinforcement. Reinforcement was one of Skinners most important behavioral concepts. Reinforcement is the affect of reward on a response that the strengthening produces it, to the reduction of physiological need. Often times the word reinforcement is mistakenly substituted by the word reward. It is important to realize that these two words are not the same. Rewards may or may not strengthen behavior. Robert Nye, author of The Legacy of B. F. Skinner, gives the following example to clarify this misconception: A teenager may behave contrary to his parents, wishes despite the fact that they heap rewards (a car, money, freedom, and so on) on him. This example exhibits parents who are giving rewards to their son, but they are not reinforcing his desirable behaviors. Skinners definition affirms that reinforcement does strengthen behavior, and reinforcement occurs only if what is being done has that effect. Therefore, rewards may or may not strengthen behavior. In operant conditioning there are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is a response strengthened by the addition of something (positive reinforcer) to the situation. A child behaving to earn parental approval is an example of the effects of positive reinforcement. The parental approval is the positive reinforcer. Behaviors can also be strengthened by negative consequences. Negative reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened by the removal of something (negative reinforcer) from the situation. Negative reinforcement should not be confused with punishment; it does refer to a process in which behavior is strengthened. Without even realizing it, teachers condition students to do things, such as stand in a straight line or to be quiet, by giving looks and/or punishments. Teachers often use the theories behind behaviorism to drive behavior plans for emotionally disturbed students. These step-by-step plans include rewards (or punishments), which condition students to achieve specific patterns of behavior. These plans are designed so that when the student performs a desired behavior, the student is rewarded with tokens or points. The students are then able to trade these tokens or points for prizes, food, playtime, or other rewards. Critics disagree with this type of extrinsic reward; however, Skinner believed that this may be necessary when other methods do not motivate the students. Skinner also believed that since teachers are conditioning most of the time, they should learn how to do it more effectively (Ozman & Craver 213). 14. Analytic- The term â€Å"analytic philosophy† can refer to: A broad philosophical tradition[2][3] characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences. The more specific set of developments of early 20th-century philosophy that were the historical antecedents of the broad sense: e. g., the work of Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, G. E. Moore, Gottlob Frege, and the logical positivists. – is used to described philosophy that proceeds via analysis- broadly, by seeking to understand the composition of its subject matter (or concepts of that subject matter) out of simple (or simpler) components. 15. Positivism- is a teacher centered philosophy that rejects intuition, matters of mind, essences, and inner causes. This philosophy relies on laws of matter and motion as valid, and bases truth on provable fact. It is also known as logical positivism. 16. Scholasticism- students were encouraged to face apparent contradictions in the things they were being taught, and find a consensus between teachings that seemed to oppose each other. They were expected to use their reason and experience — in combination with knowledge that was accepted on the authority of church fathers and teachers — to make their arguments. Scholasticism attempted to reconcile Christian teachings with one another, as well as with such philosophies as Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism. –(debate). Scholasticism focused on training people who would work as theologians, lawyers or doctors, and thus used works of theology, philosophy, medicine and law as a basis for study. 17. Postmodernism- The heart of postmodernism is the view that reality cannot be known nor described objectively. This contrast to the modernist view that says reality can be understood objectively. Postmodernism seeks to correct the imbalances of modernism. It reminds us that we do not possess an unlimited potential to understand and change the world for our own purposes. Ex. Under modernism, the prevailing theory of truth was known as the correspondence theory of truth. That is, something was felt to be true in so much as it corresponds to objective reality found in the world. The correspondence theory of truth caused people to believe that scientific truth equals absolute truth. Postmodernism corrects this by denying the equivalency between scientific truth and absolute truth. All scientific conclusions are now understood to be tentative simply because no one has ever made the infinite number of observations required to learn if there are any exceptions. So, postmodernism corrects modernism by helping us to understand the limits of our reasoning ability and knowledge. But postmodernism then presses things too far. Postmodernism rejects certain ideas of history. Generally refers to a form of contemporary culture, such as art and architecture. It is a style of thought which is suspicious of classical notions of truth, reason, identity, and objectivity. According to Elkind, Postmodernism venerates language rather than thought and honors human diversity as much as it does human individuality.

How to Write Perfect Research Paper †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

How to Write Perfect Research Paper The Role of Research Paper in Academics and Life Many students wonder how to write a great research paper as far as this project often weighs 20% of the course grade or even more. Even if you’re not a student any longer, you might want to compose a perfect research paper as a part of your business presentation or scientific report. On the whole, the following skills are required to come up with A+ research paper: Reading Writing Research Gathering information Analytical skills Knowledge of particular subject check the levelThis way, teachers and professors around the world check the level of student’s knowledge. Once defining the weak sides of the students, teachers think of the new approach to education.   Students and professionals create research papers basically to impress the target audience, obtain wide recognition, and get promoted. Students write these projects to get the highest grades and pass the course as well. The Goals of Research Paper Before writing, one has to understand the main purposes of this assignment they are: To inflate weak ideas Obscure poor reasoning Inhibit clarity Thus, the research paper has to be clear, concise, and built in a logical manner. Moreover, it should cover an issue which is relevant for the current society. That is why you should find sources that are no elder than 5 years. To achieve the desired results, students have to practice a lot. That is why various essays are assigned before the research or term paper. Every small paper is given to get students prepared for a time-consuming, complex work. You must realize that any essay communicates your ideas. THE PRIMARY GOAL IS TO INFECT THE MIND OF YOUR TARGET AUDIENCE WITH YOUR SPECIFIC THOUGHTS, LIKE A VIRUS. The best ideas come up when a student combines his own judgments with those made by famous people today and ages ago. Online writing services were designed to help students and young professionals with their writing projects. Step-by-Step Writing In brief, the general scheme of writing a research paper looks this way: Idea ⇒ Do research  Ã¢â€¡â€™ Write project Do you wish to observe more steps? The entire process can be described in more details which can be found further in the text. Select a topic Brainstorm and write down all possible ideas that come to your mind. Unless your teacher assigns the topic for your academic assignment, you have to pick one based on your ideas. If you have no idea, listen to the points of other people. Search for the sources Your sources have to be relevant and up-to-date. Including outdated sources is possible only when the main idea has not changed for ages. For instance, various economic terms have not changed since Ancient Rome. Still, the numerical data for accounting or financial research paper has to be gathered from the recent sources. Teachers are usually interested in the latest statistics. Part of the information must be influenced by your own thoughts. The primary sources for a good research paper include: Textbooks Books Academic articles Scientific journals Newspapers Magazines Reports Documentaries Audio tapes You can get some online or attend traditional library and save money. Read each online or published source carefully before using ideas from it. Your research can be both qualitative and quantitative. Humanitarian disciplines won’t require a quantitative research to be applied. However, it is impossible to ignore the quantitative studies when preparing a paper for Accounting, Statistics, or Finances classes. By the way, Statistics class will teach you everything you have to know about the research process. Mind your resources Usually, you need nothing more than your computer or laptop, opened Word, and internet access. However, there are times when you might need to create a presentation to support your academic project. You might want to use PowerPoint or Acrobat as well as various pictures and other additional materials. Also, you might demand real-life examples to show in class during your presentation. Prepare introduction Start working on your first draft. The most important thing you have to do in the first paragraph of your research paper is to state a thesis. Thesis statement reflects your main topic’s idea. Also, your introduction must explain the reason for choosing this topic out of many. Make an outline Once you are done with your thesis and introduction, develop an outline to serve as the plan. An outline has to be located on the second separate page after your title page. In other words, it looks like a table of contents. Arrange your notes Your notes and footnotes have to be united in one whole piece. Delete information which repeats. Each of the points you mention in a research paper’s body needs support, so be careful when organizing the data. Make a final draft After you handle all your footnotes and notes, work on the final draft of your academic task. By following the rules of the chosen writing style APA, Turabian, etc.), you must keep an eye on the organization of your ideas. They all should relate to your thesis and be logically interconnected. You may insert a question from time to time to encourage your reader. To support your thoughts, there should be some quotations added too. Cite them properly using one of the writing style guides. Do not forget to list all the referred sources at the end of your paper. To do so, develop a separate Bibliography or page. Obey this check-list Put a tick in front of each category you managed to cope with: Is my thesis statement concise and understandable? Did I keep to my outline as a plan? Are all arguments written in a logical manner? Are all used sources properly cited? Are there any plagiarized parts? Was my thesis statement supported by the powerful arguments and facts? Were my goals and points clear in the final paper? Revise edit the final draft Don’t hurry to get rid of your research paper. Before submitting any academic work, you have to check it twice or even more, times to make sure no grammar or spelling mistakes were missed. Check your punctuation as well. Various plagiarism tools will help to detect any copied parts of the text. There is always some time left to edit your text. But you should mind the deadline. If you are late with your paper, rely on writing and editing services where you can buy custom research paper without any delays.

Mammalia - Profile of Class Mammalia

Mammalia - Profile of Class Mammalia The Class Mammalia is comprised of animals known as mammals. Description: Mammals represent a wide range of shapes, sizes and colors. One characteristic of all mammals is that they have hair. This is more obvious in some animals, such as seals, who often have visible fur, than in others, like whales, whose hair has sometimes disappeared by the time they are born. Speaking of birth, just about all mammals (except the platypus and echidna) give birth to live young, and they all nurse their young. Mammals are also endotherms, commonly known as warm-blooded. Classification: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Habitat and Distribution: Mammals are distributed worldwide, in a variety of habitats. Marine mammals range from coastal areas (e.g., the manatee) to the pelagic zone (e.g., whales), with some, such as sea turtles and seals, even venturing into the deep sea to feed. Feeding: Most mammals have teeth, although some, like the baleen whales, do not. Since mammals range widely in habitat and food preferences, they have a wide range in feeding styles and preferences. In marine mammals, whales feed using teeth or baleen, and on a variety of prey, including small fish, crustaceans and sometimes other marine mammals. Pinnipeds feed using teeth, usually eating fish and crustaceans. Sirenians also have teeth, although they also use the power of their strong lips when grasping and ripping aquatic vegetation. Reproduction: Mammals reproduce sexually and have internal fertilization. All marine mammals are placental mammals, meaning they give birth to live young, and the unborn young are nourished in the mothers uterus by an organ called the placenta.

Communication Frameworks, Models and Methods in Social Work Practice Term Paper

Communication Frameworks, Models and Methods in Social Work Practice - Term Paper Example As per my personal view, the need for forming efficient communication capabilities is mainly required for understanding the cultural norms as well as the traditions of others. It would be vital to mention in this similar concern that the development of effective diverse communication skills through a better understanding of theoretical frameworks or models can also be applied in the context of performing best social work practices. Together with the individuals and the modern business organizations, the requirement for continuously developing a diverse set of communication skills is also indispensable for supporting the best practices of social work. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the development of communication skills would certainly support in conducting best social work practices through the acquisition of valuable information, conveying the same to others without distortion and contribute in making effective decisions (Koprowska, 2010). Prior to analyzing the communication frameworks, models and methods that are persistent within the social work practice, it is quite indispensable to acquire a brief idea about the notion of communication and its different ways or modes. From a theoretical perspective, â€Å"communication is a two-way process in which there are an exchange and progression of ideas towards a mutually accepted direction or goal† (Kaul, 2000, pp. 2).  Ã‚  

SAM 342 UNIT 4 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAM 342 UNIT 4 - Annotated Bibliography Example Sir Alex Ferguson uses an amalgamation of task-oriented and transformational leadership. In his astute style, he has defined roles for his players and they are supposed to follow them. Ferguson’s famous tanning booths for increasing players Vitamin D level are one such example of his concern for players’ wellbeing and fitness. He has often mentioned his principles that govern his work ethics. According to him, player with lack of focus and commitment must not be tolerated on the field and even in the team. A simple example of this rule is a shoe thrown at David Beckham by him. However, it is the ability to own the mistakes of his team and praising them in public that has made his players loyal to him. Furthermore, he has always stood as an advocate of the owners of his club due to which he is perceived as the front person of his team. Sir Alex Ferguson is further known for his adherence to team work as for him no single player can rise above the organization and it is the team that makes the player. His devotion to this principle was well reflected when he said, â€Å"Sometimes we can get too emotional as a club with things that are happening. But were both of a common denominator - we dont want the club to be in anyone elses hands (Ferguson & Meek, 1997).† His determination of taking in fresh players, refining their skills by training them and making them learn the etiquettes of football world and especially Manchester United. This is precisely the reason why Manchester United’s players are seen to have an extraordinary humility in them. Sir Alex Ferguson is an ideal example of a transformational leader since he believes in grooming his players and bringing out the best in them on constant basis. He is often viewed as challenging the pre-established norms and going beyond the boundaries of professional horizon. In order to induce team work and individual excellence, he has often